In their classic book, Habits of the Heart, Robert Bellah and co-authors report on a 1978 Gallup survey which found that 80 percent of Americans agreed that “an individual should arrive at his or her own religious beliefs independent of any churches or synagogues.” The authors, who had conducted personal interviews with many Americans, were “not surprised.” They found people, church-going or not, holding all sorts of beliefs from all sorts of sources— the Bible, self-psychology, Eastern spirituality, naturalistic pantheism, and many more.